What constitutes unlawful assembly?

Unlawful assembly is defined primarily by the intent and actions of the individuals involved in the gathering. Specifically, assembling to engage in riotous conduct indicates an intention to participate in violence or disruption, which makes the assembly unlawful. The key element here is the purpose of the gathering; if it involves illegal activity or poses a threat to public safety or peace, it crosses the line into unlawful assembly.

In contrast, the other options present gatherings that are typically lawful when conducted peacefully and in accordance with the law. For instance, gathering for a peaceful event, having a discussion in a public place, or gathering for a public meeting are all activities that fall within the rights of assembly and speech, provided they do not incite or involve unlawful activity. Thus, it is the intent and actions behind the assembly that distinguish lawful gatherings from those that are deemed unlawful.